CERN: guasti e alternative per lo studio della materia oscura
Posted by janejacobs su Mag 17, 2009
Il video qui sotto spiega cosa ha causato i guasti dell’acceleratore di particelle del CERN. L’acceleratore dovrebbe essere riparato entro Settembre 2009.
Nel frattempo, mentre gli ingegneri del CERN stanno riparando l’acceleratore di particelle, un gruppo di scienziati dell’Universita’ di Tor Vergata a Roma sta facendo passi avanti per lo studio dell’antimateria.
Uno dei piu’ grandi misteri dell’universo e’ la sostanza di cui e’ composto. Il mondo, come percepito da coloro che lo abitano, consiste di materia tangibile, ma questa spiegazione non puo’ essere teoricamente completa. La maggior parte delle galassie ruotano ad una velocita’ tale che le farebbe volare via se l’unica cosa che le tiene insieme sono la materia come la conosciamo noi e la forza di gravita’. I fisici pensano che l’Universo sia imbottito di una materia oscura e invisibile composta di particelle molto diverse da quelle che costituiscono la materia visibile, e che la gravita’ di questa materia oscura abbia la funzione fondamentale di tenere assieme le galassie dell’universo. Un gruppo di fisici pensa di avere sperimentato l’evidenza di questa materia oscura ed invisibile.
Piergiorgio Picozza dell’Universita’ di Tor Vergata a Roma e i suoi colleghi stanno investigando un secondo grande mistero: perche’ esiste l’universo? Il Big Bang, il Grande Botto da cui e’ iniziato l’Universo, ha creato uguali quantita’ di materia e di antimateria. Quando materia e antimateria si incontrano, si annientano a vicenda. Cosi’ l’universo avrebbe dovuto distruggersi poco dopo il Grande Botto. Il fatto che non si sia distrutto suggerisce che qualcosa deve essere accaduto alla maggior parte dell’antimateria, permettendo alla materia di addensarsi a formare stelle, pianeti, e tutte le cose che vediamo sul nostro pianeta, compresi noi stessi.
Picozza e i suoi colleghi hanno deciso di osservare i raggi cosmici, i raggi che costituiti da particelle spaziali che costantemente bombardano l’atmosfera terreste. La maggior parte di essi sono protoni, uno dei principali componenti del nucleo atomico, ma altri sono componenti piu’ esotici. Picozza ed i colleghi vogliono esaminare ogni antimateria presente nei raggi cosmici. Per fare questo, usano un rivelatore di particelle installato su un satellite.
Dapprima hanno trovato qualche semplice positrone a bassa carica energetica, l’equivalente in antimateria degli elettroni. Tali positroni sono prodotti da cio’ che i ricercatori chiamano fonti secondarie – soprattutto collisioni fra positroni contenuti nei raggi cosmici e gli atomi che viaggiano nello spazio. Tuttavia Picozza ed i suoi colleghi hanno anche scoperto positroni ad alta carica energetica/ Questi sono molto piu’ interessanti perche’ devono essere stai prodotti fa fonti primarie, come stelle esotiche o forse da disintegrazioni di anti materia. In realta’, il gruppo di Picozza ha scoperto che maggiore e’ l’energia delle particelle, maggiore e’ il rapporto positroni-elettroni.
Esattamente cosa possa aver causato questo aumento rimane un mistero. Potrebbe essere un neutrone denso che ruota rapidamente chiamato pulsar. Potrebbe essere un microquasar, un sistema in cui una stella simile al sole ed una
Stella neutronica orbitano insieme. Potrebbe anche essere spiegato dall’annullamento dell’antimateria.
I fisici si sono interrogati spesso sull’antimateria. Una delle piu’ popolari spiegazioni di antimateria e’ che essa consiste di grosse particelle che interagiscono debolmente fra loro, chiamate WIMPs. Picozza ed i suoi colleghi pensano che i positroni ad alta energia che hanno rilevato nei raggi cosmici possano originare da un WIMP che si e’ annientato dalla collisione con un anti-WIMP. Ora stanno utilizzando un rivelatore di particelle installato sul satellite per esaminare cosa succede a maggiori ceriche energetiche. QUesto processo dovrebbe aiutarli a discriminare far diverse spiegazioni. Se le spiegazioni alternative possono essere scartate, allora Picozza e i suoi avrebbero svelato uno scorcio di materia oscura.
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